About Load-securing.

Accordingly, §1 of the Road Traffic Regulations (StVO) reads: Every road user must behave in such a way that no other person is harmed, endangered or hindered or inconvenienced more than is unavoidable under the circumstances.

Attention: Lost load on the road

Almost every day, the radio warns of objects on the road. It is not always loads weighing tons that have been lost and are then lying on the road, but often smaller objects that endanger all road users. In order to reduce hazards for road users, the police and BALM (Federal Office for Logistics & Mobility, formerly BAG) have been carrying out various inspections and checking load securing for years.

According to § 22 of the German Road Traffic Regulations (StVO), loads must not slip, fall over or roll back and forth on the loading area during the journey. Accordingly, the respective securing and/or restraining forces must always be greater than the resulting acceleration or deceleration forces - even in the event of emergency braking or sudden evasive movements. Why is load securing important for everyone? In principle, all persons involved in loading and transportation are obliged to secure the load properly.

A company is obliged to present its business processes with regard to load securing in a transparent manner and to clearly regulate responsibilities. The company must ensure that employees receive regular training and further training. If police or BALM (formerly: BAG) inspections reveal inadequate load securing, fines will be imposed and points may be entered in the central traffic register.

If the axle loads or total weights are exceeded, the authorities may also levy a profit penalty.If an accident resulting in personal injury is caused as a result of inadequate load securing, both fines and imprisonment may be imposed.Who is affected in the chain of responsibility is decided on a case-by-case basis as part of the public prosecutor's investigation.

Consequences of the breach of duty

Claims for damages are asserted as a consequence of the breach of duty in the event of missing or inadequate load securing.These result from the transport law according to HGB §§ 411, 451a, 451d, 412, 425 and 427, the StVG § 7 and § 18 as well as the BGB according to § 823 and 831. In addition, there are corresponding fines and, in the case of corresponding severity, an entry in the central traffic register.Sections 22, 23, 32 of the StVO and sections 30, 31 of the StVZO apply here. Sections 222, 229, 315, 324 & 328 of the German Criminal Code (StGB) can also be applied in the case of serious violations and endangering persons.

Persons responsible for loadsecuring.

1. Company Management

Responsibility for:

Organization must be “court-proof”
Regulate information flows - Ensure documentation - Duty of care for implementation - Review (random checks)

2. Vehicle Driver

Responsibility according to StVO § 22 & § 23:

Safe loading, including load securing in accordance with VDI 2700
Compliance with the permissible total weight
Compliance with the permissible axle loads and minimum axle loads
Compliance with the permissible dimensions of the vehicle including the load
Checks during the journey with regard to the effectiveness of the load securing and, if necessary, initiation of improvements

3. Forwarder, Carrier, Vehicle Owner, Dispatcher

Responsibility according to StVO §30 (1) and §31 (2) for:

Vehicle must be in perfect technical condition
Appropriate load securing material must be available
It must be possible to pick up loads safely (dimensions and weights)
Load distribution must be able to be maintained

4. Shipper, Consignor, Loading Personnel

The shipper is responsible for safe loading, even if this cannot be inferred directly from the StVO.

According to HGB § 412, the shipper is obliged to ensure proper packaging and labeling
In principle, the shipper, consignor and loading personnel are jointly responsible for securing the load
The activity of lashing and securing the load can be transferred to the driver by individual agreement, but the responsibility from a criminal law perspective remains in place

Verantwortliche Personen bei der Ladungssicherung.

1. Company Management

Responsibility for:

Organization must be “court-proof”
Regulate information flows - Ensure documentation - Duty of care for implementation - Review (random checks)

3. Forwarder, Carrier, Vehicle Owner, Dispatcher

Responsibility according to StVO §30 (1) and §31 (2) for:

Vehicle must be in perfect technical condition
Appropriate load securing material must be available
It must be possible to pick up loads safely (dimensions and weights)
Load distribution must be able to be maintained

2. Vehicle Driver

Responsibility according to StVO § 22 & § 23:

Safe loading, including load securing in accordance with VDI 2700
Compliance with the permissible total weight
Compliance with the permissible axle loads and minimum axle loads
Compliance with the permissible dimensions of the vehicle including the load
Checks during the journey with regard to the effectiveness of the load securing and, if necessary, initiation of improvements

4. Shipper, Consignor, Loading Personnel

The shipper is responsible for safe loading, even if this cannot be inferred directly from the StVO.

According to HGB § 412, the shipper is obliged to ensure proper packaging and labeling
In principle, the shipper, consignor and loading personnel are jointly responsible for securing the load
The activity of lashing and securing the load can be transferred to the driver by individual agreement, but the responsibility from a criminal law perspective remains in place

Load-securing by Dolezych.

Dolezych offers a wide range of load securing products:

Lashing-straps,
Lashing-chains,
Lashing-nets with all accessories to ensure that your load reaches its destination safely.

In addition, there are many aids (anti-slip mats, abrasion-protection, pre-tensioning force indicators, etc.) as well as various load securing systems that complete our product portfolio for all your load securing tasks.

Mann erklärt anderem Mann Ladungssicherung

Our products for load-securing are manufactured in accordance with or based on the following rules:

VDI 2700 “Load securing on road vehicles”

Sheet 3.1: Instructions for use of lashing equipment
Sheet 3.2: Equipment and aids for securing loads
Sheet 3.3: Nets for load securing

DIN EN 12195 “Load securing devices on road vehicles - Safety”

Calculating the lashing forces
Lashing-straps
Lashing-chains
Lashing-wire-ropes

Our load-securing products.

1. Lashing-straps

Flexible securing devices are lashing straps (e.g. polyester), sometimes also called tension belts and very popular. These can be customized (e.g. also in length) with different webbing straps, ratchet bodies and end fittings.

Advantages

Easy handling
Inexpensive
Lightweight
Gentle on surfaces Possible applications, including strapping, tie-down lashing, diagonal lashing

Note: Lashing straps made of UHMW-PE are also increasingly becoming standard, as they have very low elongation and can withstand very high tensile forces.

2. Lashing-wire-ropes

Lashing-wire-ropes are another alternative for your load-securing task. Lashing-wire-ropes are flexible and can be easily guided around loads.

Advantages

Very flexible
High permissible lashing capacity (LC) in direct tension
Robust and therefore long service life
Resistant to chemicals, oil and weathering Possible applications, including diagonal and diagonal lashing, tie-down lashing but only with edge protectors
Mostly used with winches, turnbuckles or chain hoists

3. Lashing-chains

Lashing-chains are available in the familiar grades 8, 10 and 12. In the 1-part lashing-chain, the ratchet load tensioner is firmly connected to the chain. With the 2-part lashing-chain, on the other hand, the ratchet load tensioner and chain are separate from each other.

Advantages

Very high permissible lashing capacity (LC) in direct tension
Can be used on sharp-edged loads or rough surfaces
Can be shortened quickly using shortening elements
Long durability
Resistant to chemicals, oil and weathering
Possible applications, including mainly diagonal and diagonal lashing, sometimes also for tie-down lashing

4. Textile Chain DoNova® PowerLash

The DoNova® textile chain consists of chain links made from several layers of webbing with the high-performance fiber Dyneema®.

Advantages

Much lighter than steel lashing-chains, as up to 85% less dead weight
Very high permissible lashing capacity (LC) in direct tension
Can be shortened quickly thanks to shortening elements
Resistant to chemicals, oil and weather influences
Seawater-resistant & non-rusting
Noise-reducing
Gentle on the load Possible applications, including diagonal lashing, tie-down lashing (with a sharp edge only in conjunction with an edge protection element)

Load-securing methods.

The most common variants of load securing

Tie-down lashing
Direct lashing in the form of diagonal and tie-down lashing
Positive locking using e.g. wedges, wooden lumber, often in conjunction with nails (note the provisions of VDI Guideline 2700, among others)
Positive locking, e.g. by placing the load against suitable end and side walls or stanchions of the truck
Securing the load with the aid of clamping beams, partitions, loading frames, coil troughs, etc.
Combination of methods

Example for direct- and tie-down-lashing

What forces act on the load during the journey?

F_lv: In longitudinal direction/direction of travel (from braking)
F_lh: In the longitudinal direction/against the direction of travel (when moving off)
F_q: In the transverse direction (when cornering)

Vibrations caused by potholes or uneven road surfaces can cause the load to “wander”. For a short time, the vibrations can even cancel out the weight force
Frictional force or friction is an important factor in load securing; it acts between the load and the loading surface

Kräfte bei der Ladungssicherung Schaubild

gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)	GVWR ≤ 2,0 t	2,0 t < GVWR ≤ 3,5 t	GVWR > 3,5 t
F_lvInertia forces in the direction of travel	0,9 x F_G	0,8 x F_G	0,8 x F_G
F_lh Inertia forces against the direction of travel	0,5 x F_G	0,5 x F_G	0,5 x F_G
F_q Inertia forces in transverse direction	0,7 x F_G	0,6 x F_G	0,5 x F_G

Source: VDI 2700 Sheet 16 (July 2009)

The preload force S_TF

The S_TF is referenced on every product manufactured in accordance with DIN EN 12195
The size of the pre-tensioning force applied determines, among other things, the number of lashing straps required for tie-down lashing

The lashing angle α

Between loading area and lashing equipment
In tie-down lashing, the number of lashings depends largely on this angle

The horizontal angle β

Angle between the lashing equipment and the longitudinal axis (x-axis) of a means of transport in the plane of the loading area = β_x
Angle between the lashing equipment and the transverse axis (y-axis) of a means of transport in the plane of the loading area = β_y

The coefficient of friction μ

The friction factor plays an important role in load securing. Basically, the higher the coefficient of friction, the less lashing equipment is required
Frictional forces act between the load and the loading surface and are physically expressed by the coefficient of sliding friction μ
Whether a load slips or not (e.g. when braking) depends, among other things, on the nature of the contact surfaces between the load and the loading surface
The coefficient of friction μ = 0.6 can be achieved with a tested anti-slip mat (DoMatt). In order to achieve a μ value of 0.6, oily, greasy, icy or heavily soiled loading surfaces and loads must be avoided at all costs

Cargo bed

Cargo

Defined coefficient of friction

Plywood, melamine resin coated, smooth surface

Euro pallet (wood)
Mesh box pallet (steel)
Plastic pallet (PP)

0,20
0,25
0,20

Plywood, melamine resin-coated, screen structure

Euro pallet (wood) Mesh box pallet (steel) Plastic pallet (PP)

0,25
0,25
0,25

Aluminum carrier in the Loading area - Perforated rail

Euro pallet (wood) Mesh box pallet (steel) Plastic pallet (PP)

0,25
0,35
0,25

Definitions of load-securing terms.

Lashing-equipment

Lashing-strap

Lashing-chain

Lashing-wire-rope

Tensioning device

Webbing

Round steel chain
Textile chain

Wire-rope

Tensioning Element

Clamp lock
Ratchet
Winch

Ratchet load tensioner
Multi-purpose chain hoist

Cable winch
Multi-purpose chain hoist

Connecting elements

Hook
Shackle
End links
Shortening elements

End links
Hooks
Shackle
Combination links

Term

Declaration in accordance with VDI 2700 and DIN EN 12195

Blocking force (BC)

Maximum force with which a blocking device may be loaded in one direction

Direct lashing process

Lashing method in which the inertia forces are absorbed directly by the lashing equipment

Utilization factor (safety factor)

Ratio between breaking force and lashing force
S_F=BF/LC

Standard Hand Force (S_HF)

Force achievable by hand from an ergonomic point of view; in accordance with DIN EN 12195 with 500 N or 50 daN shown on the lashing's labeling carrier

Combined lashing equipment

Load securing equipment, consisting of various product groups (e.g. lashing strap and lashing chain including a tensioning element)

Load securing device

Systems and devices for load securing

Minimum Breaking Force (MBK)

The minimum breaking force of a load securing device

Tie-down lashing

Lashing method in which the frictional force is increased by adding a vertical force component to the weight of the load

Tensioning device / tensioning element

Mechanical device for generating and maintaining a pre-tensioning force in a load securing device

Connecting element / connecting part

Device/element for connecting

Standard Tensioning Force (S_TF)

Force indicated on the lashing/tensioning device that can be applied to the product with a manual force of 50 daN

Lashing-wire-rope

Load-securing device consisting of a tensioning element or a strap clamp and a strap with or without a connecting element

Lashing capacity (LC)

Maximum force in direct tension that a lashing must withstand in use

Lashing-strap

Load-securing device consisting of a tensioning element or a strap clamp and a strap with or without a connecting element

Lashing-chain / lashing-tension-chain

Load-securing device consisting of a tensioning element and a chain with or without a connecting element

Lashing-equipment

Equipment (lashing-straps, lashing-chains, lashing-wire-ropes, lashing-nets) that can be used to secure loads on a vehicle

Lashing-point

Fastening device on a vehicle to which a lashing device can be attached directly

About Load-securing.

Consequences of the breach of duty

Persons responsible for loadsecuring.

1. Company Management

2. Vehicle Driver

3. Forwarder, Carrier, Vehicle Owner, Dispatcher

4. Shipper, Consignor, Loading Personnel

Verantwortliche Personen bei der Ladungssicherung.

1. Company Management

3. Forwarder, Carrier, Vehicle Owner, Dispatcher

2. Vehicle Driver

4. Shipper, Consignor, Loading Personnel

Load-securing by Dolezych.

Our load-securing products.

Load-securing methods.

The most common variants of load securing

What forces act on the load during the journey?

The preload force STF

The lashing angle α

The horizontal angle β

The coefficient of friction μ

Definitions of load-securing terms.

The preload force S_TF